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Jeremiah 31

God promises to restore his scattered people through mercy, a new covenant, and a bond secured by his own faithfulness.

YHWH speaks through Jeremiah to a scattered Israel and Judah, promising to gather them home and rebuild their life together. Images of vineyards and dancing stand beside Rachel’s tears for her children and Ephraim’s grief over his wrongdoing. God promises mercy, renewed towns, and a new covenant with his law written in the heart. The chapter closes by linking Israel’s continued existence to the order of creation and describing a rebuilt Jerusalem made holy to YHWH.

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1“At that time,” says the LORD, “I will be the God of all the families of Israel, and they will be my people.”
2The LORD says, “The people who survive the sword found favor in the wilderness; even Israel, when I went to cause him to rest.”
3The LORD appeared of old to me, saying, “Yes, I have loved you with an everlasting love. Therefore I have drawn you with loving kindness.
4I will build you again, and you will be built, O virgin of Israel. You will again be adorned with your tambourines, and will go out in the dances of those who make merry.
5Again you will plant vineyards on the mountains of Samaria. The planters will plant, and will enjoy its fruit.
6For there will be a day that the watchmen on the hills of Ephraim cry, ‘Arise! Let’s go up to Zion to the LORD our God.’”
7For the LORD says, “Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout for the chief of the nations. Publish, praise, and say, ‘LORD, save your people, the remnant of Israel!’
8Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them from the uttermost parts of the earth, along with the blind and the lame, the woman with child and her who travails with child together. They will return as a great company.
9They will come with weeping. I will lead them with petitions. I will cause them to walk by rivers of waters, in a straight way in which they won’t stumble; for I am a father to Israel. Ephraim is my firstborn.
10“Hear the LORD’s word, you nations, and declare it in the distant islands. Say, ‘He who scattered Israel will gather him, and keep him, as a shepherd does his flock.’
11For the LORD has ransomed Jacob, and redeemed him from the hand of him who was stronger than he.
12They will come and sing in the height of Zion, and will flow to the goodness of the LORD, to the grain, to the new wine, to the oil, and to the young of the flock and of the herd. Their soul will be as a watered garden. They will not sorrow any more at all.
13Then the virgin will rejoice in the dance, the young men and the old together; for I will turn their mourning into joy, and will comfort them, and make them rejoice from their sorrow.
14I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness, and my people will be satisfied with my goodness,” says the LORD.
15The LORD says: “A voice is heard in Ramah, lamentation and bitter weeping, Rachel weeping for her children. She refuses to be comforted for her children, because they are no more.”
16The LORD says: “Refrain your voice from weeping, and your eyes from tears, for your work will be rewarded,” says the LORD. “They will come again from the land of the enemy.
17There is hope for your latter end,” says the LORD. “Your children will come again to their own territory.
18“I have surely heard Ephraim grieving thus, ‘You have chastised me, and I was chastised, as an untrained calf. Turn me, and I will be turned, for you are the LORD my God.
19Surely after that I was turned. I repented. After that I was instructed. I struck my thigh. I was ashamed, yes, even confounded, because I bore the reproach of my youth.’
20Is Ephraim my dear son? Is he a darling child? For as often as I speak against him, I still earnestly remember him. Therefore my heart yearns for him. I will surely have mercy on him,” says the LORD.
21“Set up road signs. Make guideposts. Set your heart toward the highway, even the way by which you went. Turn again, virgin of Israel. Turn again to these your cities.
22How long will you go here and there, you backsliding daughter? For the LORD has created a new thing on the earth: a woman will encompass a man.”
23The LORD of Armies, the God of Israel, says: “Yet again they will use this speech in the land of Judah and in its cities, when I reverse their captivity: ‘The LORD bless you, habitation of righteousness, mountain of holiness.’
24Judah and all its cities will dwell therein together, the farmers, and those who go about with flocks.
25For I have satiated the weary soul, and I have replenished every sorrowful soul.”
26On this I awakened, and saw; and my sleep was sweet to me.
27“Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man and with the seed of animal.
28It will happen that, like as I have watched over them to pluck up and to break down and to overthrow and to destroy and to afflict, so I will watch over them to build and to plant,” says the LORD.
29“In those days they will say no more, “‘The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge.’
30But everyone will die for his own iniquity. Every man who eats the sour grapes, his teeth will be set on edge.
31“Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah,
32not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, which covenant of mine they broke, although I was a husband to them,” says the LORD.
33“But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days,” says the LORD: “I will put my law in their inward parts, and I will write it in their heart. I will be their God, and they shall be my people.
34They will no longer each teach his neighbor, and every man teach his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD;’ for they will all know me, from their least to their greatest,” says the LORD, “for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.”
35The LORD, who gives the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, who stirs up the sea, so that its waves roar— the LORD of Armies is his name, says:
36“If these ordinances depart from before me,” says the LORD, “then the offspring of Israel also will cease from being a nation before me forever.”
37The LORD says: “If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, then I will also cast off all the offspring of Israel for all that they have done,” says the LORD.
38“Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that the city will be built to the LORD from the tower of Hananel to the gate of the corner.
39The measuring line will go out further straight onward to the hill Gareb, and will turn toward Goah.
40The whole valley of the dead bodies and of the ashes, and all the fields to the brook Kidron, to the corner of the horse gate toward the east, will be holy to the LORD. It will not be plucked up or thrown down any more forever.”
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Key verses
Jeremiah 31:33God’s promise to write his law within his people places inward renewal at the heart of their restored covenant relationship.
Jeremiah 31:31The promise of a new covenant names Israel and Judah together as recipients of God’s coming work.
Jeremiah 31:34Forgiveness and shared knowledge of YHWH complete the covenant promise, reaching from the least to the greatest.
Where this chapter reaches

Hebrews quotes Jeremiah’s new covenant promise in its account of Jesus’ priesthood, including the law written within God’s people and the forgiveness of sins. Matthew quotes Rachel’s lament in its account of Herod’s killing of the children, connecting Jeremiah’s image of bereavement with that event.

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Notice

After reading the whole chapter

What do you notice about God’s response to Ephraim’s grief over his wrongdoing?

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How does the promise of a law written in the heart shape your understanding of obedience?

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Questions people ask about Jeremiah 31

What is the new covenant in Jeremiah 31?

In verses 31–34, God promises a new covenant with Israel and Judah after their ancestors broke the covenant made when he brought them out of Egypt. Its promises include God’s law written within them, knowledge of YHWH among all his people, and forgiveness of their sins.

Why is Rachel weeping in Jeremiah 31:15?

Rachel is portrayed as a mother mourning the loss of her descendants. Her weeping represents the grief of a people whose children are gone amid conquest and exile. The next verses promise their return from enemy territory. Matthew later quotes this lament in connection with Herod’s killing of children.

What does “a woman will encompass a man” mean in Jeremiah 31:22?

The phrase is difficult, and its precise meaning is uncertain. It follows God’s call for wayward Israel, pictured as a daughter, to return. Some understand it as Israel seeking or holding close to YHWH; others see an image of changed relationships or protection. The text gives no further explanation.

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Jeremiah · 52 chapters

Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY). Scripture from the World English Bible (public domain). Arc diagram after Chris Harrison and Christoph Römhild (2007).