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1 Samuel 20

Jonathan’s covenant loyalty to David withstands Saul’s violence, even as their friendship now requires a painful separation.

David flees from Naioth and asks Jonathan why Saul wants him dead. Jonathan doubts that his father would hide such a plan from him, so they arrange a test around David’s empty seat at the new moon meal. They renew their covenant before YHWH, extending its kindness to their descendants. Saul’s rage and spear attack reveal the danger. Jonathan warns David through an agreed arrow signal, and the friends part in tears.

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1David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said to Jonathan, “What have I done? What is my iniquity? What is my sin before your father, that he seeks my life?”
2He said to him, “Far from it; you will not die. Behold, my father does nothing either great or small, but that he discloses it to me. Why would my father hide this thing from me? It is not so.”
3David swore moreover, and said, “Your father knows well that I have found favor in your eyes; and he says, ‘Don’t let Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved;’ but truly as the LORD lives, and as your soul lives, there is but a step between me and death.”
5David said to Jonathan, “Behold, tomorrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to dine with the king; but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field to the third day at evening.
6If your father misses me at all, then say, ‘David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem, his city; for it is the yearly sacrifice there for all the family.’
7If he says, ‘It is well,’ your servant shall have peace; but if he is angry, then know that evil is determined by him.
8Therefore deal kindly with your servant, for you have brought your servant into a covenant of the LORD with you; but if there is iniquity in me, kill me yourself, for why should you bring me to your father?”
9Jonathan said, “Far be it from you; for if I should at all know that evil were determined by my father to come on you, then wouldn’t I tell you that?”
10Then David said to Jonathan, “Who will tell me if your father answers you roughly?”
12Jonathan said to David, “By the LORD, the God of Israel, when I have sounded out my father about this time tomorrow, or the third day, behold, if there is good toward David, won’t I then send to you and disclose it to you?
13The LORD do so to Jonathan and more also, should it please my father to do you evil, if I don’t disclose it to you and send you away, that you may go in peace. May the LORD be with you as he has been with my father.
15but you shall also not cut off your kindness from my house forever, no, not when the LORD has cut off every one of the enemies of David from the surface of the earth.”
16So Jonathan made a covenant with David’s house, saying, “The LORD will require it at the hand of David’s enemies.”
17Jonathan caused David to swear again, for the love that he had for him; for he loved him as he loved his own soul.
18Then Jonathan said to him, “Tomorrow is the new moon, and you will be missed, because your seat will be empty.
19When you have stayed three days, go down quickly and come to the place where you hid yourself when this started, and remain by the stone Ezel.
21Behold, I will send the boy, saying, ‘Go, find the arrows!’ If I tell the boy, ‘Behold, the arrows are on this side of you. Take them;’ then come, for there is peace to you and no danger, as the LORD lives.
23Concerning the matter which you and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD is between you and me forever.”
24So David hid himself in the field. When the new moon had come, the king sat himself down to eat food.
26Nevertheless Saul didn’t say anything that day, for he thought, “Something has happened to him. He is not clean. Surely he is not clean.”
27On the next day after the new moon, the second day, David’s place was empty. Saul said to Jonathan his son, “Why didn’t the son of Jesse come to eat, either yesterday, or today?”
29He said, ‘Please let me go, for our family has a sacrifice in the city. My brother has commanded me to be there. Now, if I have found favor in your eyes, please let me go away and see my brothers.’ Therefore he has not come to the king’s table.”
30Then Saul’s anger burned against Jonathan, and he said to him, “You son of a perverse rebellious woman, don’t I know that you have chosen the son of Jesse to your own shame, and to the shame of your mother’s nakedness?
31For as long as the son of Jesse lives on the earth, you will not be established, nor will your kingdom. Therefore now send and bring him to me, for he shall surely die!”
32Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said to him, “Why should he be put to death? What has he done?”
33Saul cast his spear at him to strike him. By this Jonathan knew that his father was determined to put David to death.
34So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and ate no food the second day of the month; for he was grieved for David, because his father had treated him shamefully.
38Jonathan cried after the boy, “Go fast! Hurry! Don’t delay!” Jonathan’s boy gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.
41As soon as the boy was gone, David arose out of the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times. They kissed one another and wept with one another, and David wept the most.
42Jonathan said to David, “Go in peace, because we have both sworn in the LORD’s name, saying, ‘The LORD is between me and you, and between my offspring and your offspring, forever.’” He arose and departed; and Jonathan went into the city.
World English BibleRead in NIV in Psalmlog →Highlighted verses are the most connected.
Key verses
1 Samuel 20:42Their farewell places both families under an enduring oath before YHWH, even as David leaves for safety.
1 Samuel 20:17Jonathan’s love for David grounds the renewed oath that binds their futures together despite Saul’s demands.
1 Samuel 20:3David’s sense of death’s nearness exposes the gap between his danger and Jonathan’s confidence in his father.
Where this chapter reaches

The covenant’s promise of kindness to Jonathan’s descendants connects with 2 Samuel, where David shows kindness to Jonathan’s son because of his father. Proverbs shares the theme of steadfast friendship, seen here in Jonathan’s willingness to defend David at personal cost.

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Notice

After reading the whole chapter

What changes between Jonathan’s first response to David and his final words in the field?

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What does Jonathan’s promise to David reveal about loyalty when family demands threaten someone’s safety?

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Questions people ask about 1 Samuel 20

Why did Jonathan shoot arrows in 1 Samuel 20?

The arrows were a prearranged signal to David, who was hiding in the field. Arrows on the boy’s near side would mean safety; arrows beyond him would mean David must leave. Jonathan shoots beyond the boy to warn David, then sends the boy away before their farewell.

What was the covenant between David and Jonathan?

Their covenant was a sworn commitment before YHWH. Jonathan promised to warn David of Saul’s plans and help him escape. He asked David to preserve kindness toward him and his household. Their final words extend the oath to both men’s descendants, beyond the separation now forced upon them.

Why did Saul throw a spear at Jonathan?

Saul had declared that David’s survival threatened Jonathan’s future kingdom and demanded David’s death. When Jonathan asked what David had done to deserve execution, Saul threw his spear at him. The attack confirmed to Jonathan that Saul intended to kill David, overturning his earlier confidence in his father.

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1 Samuel · 31 chapters

Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY). Scripture from the World English Bible (public domain). Arc diagram after Chris Harrison and Christoph Römhild (2007).