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1 Samuel 14

YHWH saves Israel through Jonathan’s bold trust, while Saul’s oath weakens the army and threatens the son who helped deliver them.

Jonathan and his armor bearer leave Saul’s camp without telling him and climb toward a Philistine garrison, trusting that YHWH can save through a few people. Their attack sets off panic, and Israel joins the pursuit. Saul’s oath forbidding food leaves his troops faint and places Jonathan, who never heard it, under threat of death. The people intervene to save Jonathan. The chapter closes with an account of Saul’s wars, his family, and his recruitment of fighting men.

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1Now it happened on a day that Jonathan the son of Saul said to the young man who bore his armor, “Come! Let’s go over to the Philistines’ garrison that is on the other side.” But he didn’t tell his father.
2Saul stayed in the uttermost part of Gibeah under the pomegranate tree which is in Migron; and the people who were with him were about six hundred men,
3including Ahijah the son of Ahitub, Ichabod’s brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli the priest of the LORD in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. The people didn’t know that Jonathan was gone.
4Between the passes, by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistines’ garrison, there was a rocky crag on the one side and a rocky crag on the other side; and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.
5The one crag rose up on the north in front of Michmash, and the other on the south in front of Geba.
6Jonathan said to the young man who bore his armor, “Come! Let’s go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised. It may be that the LORD will work for us, for there is no restraint on the LORD to save by many or by few.”
7His armor bearer said to him, “Do all that is in your heart. Go, and behold, I am with you according to your heart.”
10But if they say this, ‘Come up to us!’ then we will go up, for the LORD has delivered them into our hand. This shall be the sign to us.”
11Both of them revealed themselves to the garrison of the Philistines; and the Philistines said, “Behold, the Hebrews are coming out of the holes where they had hidden themselves!”
12The men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armor bearer, and said, “Come up to us, and we will show you something!” Jonathan said to his armor bearer, “Come up after me, for the LORD has delivered them into the hand of Israel.”
13Jonathan climbed up on his hands and on his feet, and his armor bearer after him, and they fell before Jonathan; and his armor bearer killed them after him.
15There was a trembling in the camp, in the field, and among all the people; the garrison and the raiders also trembled; and the earth quaked, so there was an exceedingly great trembling.
16The watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and behold, the multitude melted away and scattered.
18Saul said to Ahijah, “Bring God’s ark here.” For God’s ark was with the children of Israel at that time.
19While Saul talked to the priest, the tumult that was in the camp of the Philistines went on and increased; and Saul said to the priest, “Withdraw your hand!”
20Saul and all the people who were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and behold, they were all striking each other with their swords in very great confusion.
22Likewise all the men of Israel who had hidden themselves in the hill country of Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle.
23So the LORD saved Israel that day; and the battle passed over by Beth Aven.
24The men of Israel were distressed that day; for Saul had adjured the people, saying, “Cursed is the man who eats any food until it is evening, and I am avenged of my enemies.” So none of the people tasted food.
25All the people came into the forest; and there was honey on the ground.
27But Jonathan didn’t hear when his father commanded the people with the oath. Therefore he put out the end of the rod that was in his hand and dipped it in the honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes brightened.
28Then one of the people answered, and said, “Your father directly commanded the people with an oath, saying, ‘Cursed is the man who eats food today.’” So the people were faint.
29Then Jonathan said, “My father has troubled the land. Please look how my eyes have brightened because I tasted a little of this honey.
31They struck the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon. The people were very faint;
32and the people pounced on the plunder, and took sheep, cattle, and calves, and killed them on the ground; and the people ate them with the blood.
35Saul built an altar to the LORD. This was the first altar that he built to the LORD.
36Saul said, “Let’s go down after the Philistines by night, and take plunder among them until the morning light. Let’s not leave a man of them.” They said, “Do whatever seems good to you.” Then the priest said, “Let’s draw near here to God.”
37Saul asked counsel of God: “Shall I go down after the Philistines? Will you deliver them into the hand of Israel?” But he didn’t answer him that day.
38Saul said, “Draw near here, all you chiefs of the people, and know and see in whom this sin has been today.
39For as the LORD lives, who saves Israel, though it is in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die.” But there was not a man among all the people who answered him.
40Then he said to all Israel, “You be on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side.” The people said to Saul, “Do what seems good to you.”
41Therefore Saul said to the LORD, the God of Israel, “Show the right.” Jonathan and Saul were chosen, but the people escaped.
43Then Saul said to Jonathan, “Tell me what you have done!” Jonathan told him, and said, “I certainly did taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in my hand; and behold, I must die.”
44Saul said, “God do so and more also; for you shall surely die, Jonathan.”
45The people said to Saul, “Shall Jonathan die, who has worked this great salvation in Israel? Far from it! As the LORD lives, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground, for he has worked with God today!” So the people rescued Jonathan, so he didn’t die.
47Now when Saul had taken the kingdom over Israel, he fought against all his enemies on every side: against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines. Wherever he turned himself, he defeated them.
48He did valiantly and struck the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of those who plundered them.
49Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, Ishvi, and Malchishua; and the names of his two daughters were these: the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal.
50The name of Saul’s wife was Ahinoam the daughter of Ahimaaz. The name of the captain of his army was Abner the son of Ner, Saul’s uncle.
52There was severe war against the Philistines all the days of Saul; and when Saul saw any mighty man or any valiant man, he took him into his service.
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Key verses
1 Samuel 14:6Jonathan grounds his risky advance in YHWH’s freedom to save, while leaving the outcome in God’s hands.
1 Samuel 14:12The Philistines’ challenge matches Jonathan’s proposed sign, and he climbs toward them convinced that YHWH has given Israel victory.
1 Samuel 14:24Saul’s food ban turns the pursuit into an ordeal and sets up the threat against Jonathan’s life.
Where this chapter reaches

Judges shares the theme of God delivering Israel through a small force, as well as the account of a father’s vow endangering his child. Joshua shares the use of lots to identify a person during an inquiry into wrongdoing after a military crisis.

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Notice

After reading the whole chapter

What do you notice about Jonathan’s trust in God alongside his uncertainty about what God will do?

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How does the people’s defense of Jonathan shape your reading of Saul’s oath and authority?

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Questions people ask about 1 Samuel 14

Why did Jonathan eat honey in 1 Samuel 14?

Jonathan had not heard Saul’s oath forbidding food until evening. He tasted honey from his rod, and his eyes brightened. After learning about the oath, he criticized its effect on the troops, arguing that food would have strengthened them for a greater victory over the Philistines.

Why did Saul want to kill Jonathan?

Saul had placed anyone who ate before evening under a curse. When God gave no answer about further pursuit, Saul sought the offender and declared that even his son would die. Lots selected Jonathan, who admitted eating honey. The people prevented his execution, pointing to his work with God that day.

Why did God not answer Saul in 1 Samuel 14?

The text reports God’s silence without stating its cause. Saul assumes there has been sin and conducts an inquiry through lots, which select Jonathan. Yet the narrative also records Jonathan’s ignorance of the oath and the people’s defense of him. It leaves God’s reason for silence unstated.

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1 Samuel · 31 chapters

Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY). Scripture from the World English Bible (public domain). Arc diagram after Chris Harrison and Christoph Römhild (2007).