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1 Kings 1

Adonijah’s claim to the throne collapses when David fulfills his oath and has Solomon anointed king before the people.

David is old and unable to keep warm, and Abishag cares for him while a struggle over his throne takes shape. His son Adonijah claims the kingship with support from Joab and Abiathar. Nathan and Bathsheba bring the danger to David, who confirms his oath that Solomon will succeed him. At David’s command, Solomon rides the royal mule to Gihon and is anointed king. Adonijah’s supporters scatter, and he seeks protection at the altar.

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1Now King David was old and advanced in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he couldn’t keep warm.
2Therefore his servants said to him, “Let a young virgin be sought for my lord the king. Let her stand before the king, and cherish him; and let her lie in your bosom, that my lord the king may keep warm.”
3So they sought for a beautiful young lady throughout all the borders of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king.
5Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, “I will be king.” Then he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him.
6His father had not displeased him at any time in saying, “Why have you done so?” and he was also a very handsome man; and he was born after Absalom.
7He conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah and with Abiathar the priest; and they followed Adonijah and helped him.
8But Zadok the priest, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, Nathan the prophet, Shimei, Rei, and the mighty men who belonged to David, were not with Adonijah.
9Adonijah killed sheep, cattle, and fatlings by the stone of Zoheleth, which is beside En Rogel; and he called all his brothers, the king’s sons, and all the men of Judah, the king’s servants;
10but he didn’t call Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother.
11Then Nathan spoke to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, “Haven’t you heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith reigns, and David our lord doesn’t know it?
12Now therefore come, please let me give you counsel, that you may save your own life and your son Solomon’s life.
13Go in to King David, and tell him, ‘Didn’t you, my lord the king, swear to your servant, saying, “Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne”? Why then does Adonijah reign?’
16Bathsheba bowed and showed respect to the king. The king said, “What would you like?”
17She said to him, “My lord, you swore by the LORD your God to your servant, ‘Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne.’
18Now, behold, Adonijah reigns; and you, my lord the king, don’t know it.
19He has slain cattle and fatlings and sheep in abundance, and has called all the sons of the king, Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the army; but he hasn’t called Solomon your servant.
20You, my lord the king, the eyes of all Israel are on you, that you should tell them who will sit on the throne of my lord the king after him.
21Otherwise it will happen, when my lord the king sleeps with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon will be considered criminals.”
22Behold, while she was still talking with the king, Nathan the prophet came in.
23They told the king, saying, “Behold, Nathan the prophet!” When he had come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground.
24Nathan said, “My lord, King, have you said, ‘Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne’?
25For he has gone down today, and has slain cattle, fatlings, and sheep in abundance, and has called all the king’s sons, the captains of the army, and Abiathar the priest. Behold, they are eating and drinking before him, and saying, ‘Long live King Adonijah!’
26But he hasn’t called me, even me your servant, Zadok the priest, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and your servant Solomon.
27Was this thing done by my lord the king, and you haven’t shown to your servants who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him?”
29The king vowed and said, “As the LORD lives, who has redeemed my soul out of all adversity,
30most certainly as I swore to you by the LORD, the God of Israel, saying, ‘Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne in my place;’ I will most certainly do this today.”
31Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth and showed respect to the king, and said, “Let my lord King David live forever!”
32King David said, “Call to me Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada.” They came before the king.
33The king said to them, “Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride on my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon.
34Let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there king over Israel. Blow the trumpet, and say, ‘Long live King Solomon!’
35Then come up after him, and he shall come and sit on my throne; for he shall be king in my place. I have appointed him to be prince over Israel and over Judah.”
36Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said, “Amen. May the LORD, the God of my lord the king, say so.
37As the LORD has been with my lord the king, even so may he be with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord King David.”
38So Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites went down and had Solomon ride on King David’s mule, and brought him to Gihon.
39Zadok the priest took the horn of oil from the Tent, and anointed Solomon. They blew the trumpet; and all the people said, “Long live King Solomon!”
40All the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth shook with their sound.
41Adonijah and all the guests who were with him heard it as they had finished eating. When Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he said, “Why is this noise of the city being in an uproar?”
42While he yet spoke, behold, Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came; and Adonijah said, “Come in; for you are a worthy man, and bring good news.”
44The king has sent with him Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and they have caused him to ride on the king’s mule.
45Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in Gihon. They have come up from there rejoicing, so that the city rang again. This is the noise that you have heard.
46Also, Solomon sits on the throne of the kingdom.
47Moreover the king’s servants came to bless our lord King David, saying, ‘May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne;’ and the king bowed himself on the bed.
48Also thus said the king, ‘Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who has given one to sit on my throne today, my eyes even seeing it.’”
49All the guests of Adonijah were afraid, and rose up, and each man went his way.
50Adonijah was afraid because of Solomon; and he arose, and went, and hung onto the horns of the altar.
52Solomon said, “If he shows himself a worthy man, not a hair of his shall fall to the earth; but if wickedness is found in him, he shall die.”
53So King Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. He came and bowed down to King Solomon; and Solomon said to him, “Go to your house.”
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Key verses
1 Kings 1:5Adonijah’s self-exaltation begins the succession crisis, with chariots and runners displaying a royal status David has not granted.
1 Kings 1:8These named men withhold support from Adonijah, revealing the division among David’s servants before Solomon’s anointing.
1 Kings 1:33David’s own mule makes his backing of Solomon visible as the king’s servants escort his chosen successor to Gihon.
Where this chapter reaches

Adonijah’s chariots and fifty runners echo Absalom’s display in 2 Samuel, linking two sons who sought David’s throne while he lived. The succession also connects with 1 Chronicles, where David names Solomon as the son chosen to reign after him.

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What stands out about the way Nathan and Bathsheba bring the succession crisis to David?

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How does Adonijah’s movement from royal feast to altar shape your reading of his ambition?

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Questions people ask about 1 Kings 1

Why did Solomon become king instead of Adonijah in 1 Kings 1?

David had sworn to Bathsheba that Solomon would succeed him. Adonijah claimed the throne without David’s authorization, gathering support from Joab and Abiathar. When Bathsheba and Nathan reported what was happening, David reaffirmed his oath and ordered Solomon’s anointing and installation on the throne.

Why did Solomon ride David’s mule?

David ordered his servants to put Solomon on his own mule and escort him to Gihon for anointing. Riding the king’s mount served as a visible sign of David’s authorization. Along with the escort, anointing, and trumpet blast, it made Solomon’s appointment known to the people.

Why did Adonijah grab the horns of the altar?

Adonijah feared Solomon would have him killed after his attempt to become king. Holding the altar’s horns was an appeal for protection, and he asked Solomon to swear that he would spare him. Solomon made his safety conditional on his conduct, then had him brought down and sent home.

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1 Kings · 22 chapters

Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY). Scripture from the World English Bible (public domain). Arc diagram after Chris Harrison and Christoph Römhild (2007).