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Exodus 16

YHWH feeds Israel in the wilderness and tests their obedience through the gathering of manna and Sabbath rest.

Israel reaches the wilderness of Sin between Elim and Sinai, where the whole congregation complains to Moses and Aaron about hunger and recalls Egypt’s food. YHWH hears their complaints and promises meat at evening and bread each morning. He gives instructions for gathering manna, testing whether the people will obey him. Some keep leftovers or seek food on the Sabbath against his commands. The account closes with instructions to preserve manna for future generations.

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1They took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt.
2The whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness;
3and the children of Israel said to them, “We wish that we had died by the LORD’s hand in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the meat pots, when we ate our fill of bread, for you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this whole assembly with hunger.”
4Then the LORD said to Moses, “Behold, I will rain bread from the sky for you, and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may test them, whether they will walk in my law or not.
5It shall come to pass on the sixth day, that they shall prepare that which they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.”
6Moses and Aaron said to all the children of Israel, “At evening, you shall know that the LORD has brought you out from the land of Egypt.
7In the morning, you shall see the LORD’s glory; because he hears your murmurings against the LORD. Who are we, that you murmur against us?”
8Moses said, “Now the LORD will give you meat to eat in the evening, and in the morning bread to satisfy you, because the LORD hears your murmurings which you murmur against him. And who are we? Your murmurings are not against us, but against the LORD.”
9Moses said to Aaron, “Tell all the congregation of the children of Israel, ‘Come close to the LORD, for he has heard your murmurings.’”
10As Aaron spoke to the whole congregation of the children of Israel, they looked toward the wilderness, and behold, the LORD’s glory appeared in the cloud.
12“I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel. Speak to them, saying, ‘At evening you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am the LORD your God.’”
13In the evening, quail came up and covered the camp; and in the morning the dew lay around the camp.
14When the dew that lay had gone, behold, on the surface of the wilderness was a small round thing, small as the frost on the ground.
15When the children of Israel saw it, they said to one another, “What is it?” For they didn’t know what it was. Moses said to them, “It is the bread which the LORD has given you to eat.
16This is the thing which the LORD has commanded: ‘Gather of it everyone according to his eating; an omer a head, according to the number of your persons, you shall take it, every man for those who are in his tent.’”
18When they measured it with an omer, he who gathered much had nothing over, and he who gathered little had no lack. They each gathered according to his eating.
19Moses said to them, “Let no one leave of it until the morning.”
20Notwithstanding they didn’t listen to Moses, but some of them left of it until the morning, so it bred worms and became foul; and Moses was angry with them.
21They gathered it morning by morning, everyone according to his eating. When the sun grew hot, it melted.
22On the sixth day, they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for each one; and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses.
23He said to them, “This is that which the LORD has spoken, ‘Tomorrow is a solemn rest, a holy Sabbath to the LORD. Bake that which you want to bake, and boil that which you want to boil; and all that remains over lay up for yourselves to be kept until the morning.’”
24They laid it up until the morning, as Moses ordered, and it didn’t become foul, and there were no worms in it.
25Moses said, “Eat that today, for today is a Sabbath to the LORD. Today you shall not find it in the field.
26Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath. In it there shall be none.”
28The LORD said to Moses, “How long do you refuse to keep my commandments and my laws?
29Behold, because the LORD has given you the Sabbath, therefore he gives you on the sixth day the bread of two days. Everyone stay in his place. Let no one go out of his place on the seventh day.”
30So the people rested on the seventh day.
31The house of Israel called its name “Manna”, and it was like coriander seed, white; and its taste was like wafers with honey.
32Moses said, “This is the thing which the LORD has commanded, ‘Let an omer-full of it be kept throughout your generations, that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you out of the land of Egypt.’”
33Moses said to Aaron, “Take a pot, and put an omer-full of manna in it, and lay it up before the LORD, to be kept throughout your generations.”
34As the LORD commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the Testimony, to be kept.
35The children of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to an inhabited land. They ate the manna until they came to the borders of the land of Canaan.
36Now an omer is one tenth of an ephah.
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Key verses
Exodus 16:2The whole congregation’s complaint against Moses and Aaron sets the scene for God’s provision and his exposure of their distrust.
Exodus 16:4God’s promise of bread includes a test: Israel must gather each day’s portion according to his command.
Exodus 16:12The promised food has a stated purpose: Israel will know that YHWH is their God.
Where this chapter reaches

Deuteronomy recalls manna as God’s provision that humbled and tested Israel, while John returns to the wilderness bread in Jesus’ teaching about the bread of life. 2 Corinthians quotes the account of those gathering much and little when teaching about sharing resources so needs are met.

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Notice

After reading the whole chapter

What do Israel’s memories of Egypt reveal about how fear can shape your view of the past?

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What stands out to you about God providing enough food for Israel to rest on the Sabbath?

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Questions people ask about Exodus 16

What was manna in Exodus 16?

Manna was the bread YHWH gave Israel in the wilderness. It appeared after the dew lifted and is described as small, white, and like coriander seed, tasting like wafers with honey. The people first asked, “What is it?” The chapter does not identify it as a known natural substance.

Why did manna spoil except before the Sabbath?

God commanded Israel to gather enough for each day and leave none until morning. When some kept it against that command, it bred worms and became foul. On the sixth day, God provided twice as much and commanded them to keep the surplus for Sabbath rest; that portion did not spoil.

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Cross-reference data from OpenBible.info (CC BY). Scripture from the World English Bible (public domain). Arc diagram after Chris Harrison and Christoph Römhild (2007).